British Liberation Movement Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

British Liberation Movement - Essay Example In order to be able to better understand about Gay Liberation (Gay Lib), not only does the history of this issue have to be discussed, but as well the present state that it is in, and what has come from it. The aim of this paper is to discuss the matter of Gay Liberation, as well as any and all key and related issues surrounding it, in order to allow us to attain a more knowledgeable and informed understanding on it overall. This is what will be dissertated in the following. Gay Liberation is a term which is used to describe the radical lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgendered movement, which took place from the late 1960s to the mid 1970s. This was not only a movement which took place in North America, but also Western Europe, Australia, and New Zealand. In regards to the history of Gay Liberation, there are basically two different categories that can be considered: Gay Liberation during the first half of the 20th century, and Gay Liberation during the second half of the 20th century. ... fferent from the way that it had been during the first have of the 20th century, as a series of different developments took place during this time, developments which truly led to the creation of a gay liberation movement. It is truly fascinating just how much the way that homosexuality was looked at changed during the latter part of the 20th century, as it seemed to instantly go from being looked at as a horrific sin to being an issue that was not a deal to worry about at all. There are many different milestones that took place throughout the 20th century in regards to Gay Liberation, and the changes that took place from these milestones was incredibly far-reaching. For instance, the ban that had previously been put on the employment of homosexuals in most federal jobs was lifted, police harassment was sharply contained, and as well many large cities began to include sexual orientation in their civil rights statutes. Lisa Power is a woman who joined the Terrence Higgins Trust in 1996 as the Health Advocacy Team Manager, where she organized health promotion and information for people with HIV, and as well she developed the organization's work on new HIV treatments and with African communities in the UK. She has consistently been involved with human rights campaigns all throughout her life, first as a writer and activist for gay and lesbian rights and then, since the 1980s, in HIV and sexual health. One of Power's most respected and well-known books, No Bath but Plenty of Bubbles: An Oral History of the Gay Liberation Front, 1970-73, is a literary work which discusses the matter of gay liberation and how the Gay Liberation Front dragged homosexuality 'out of the closet', and into the public eye. It discusses all of the important issues, from how and when London

Magic Methyl Effect: Transition Metal Catalyzed

Magic Methyl Effect: Transition Metal Catalyzed The insertion of a methyl group, the smallest alkyl group, into a C-H bond has been shown to enhance such pharmacological charactistics as bioavailability and potency.1 Traditionally, incorporation of a methyl group into a bioactive compound has required lengthy de novo synthesis. Consequently, synthetic reactions that allow late-stage installation of methyl groups into advanced intermediates are of great potential value in the pharmaceutical industry. In the past two decades interest in directed C−H activation followed by the methylation led to the development of strategies which use precious metals catalysts forarenes ortho-functionalizations.2, 3 Currently, only a few reactions exist which enable such transformations to be achieved in a single step,1, 4 highlighting the difficulty in converting a C-H bond to C-Me bond. Most of these methods require heavy loadings of precious metal catalysts to obtain the desired methylated product (Scheme 1).4 Moreover, some of them use hazardous and toxic methylating reagents1 with strongly basic reaction media what results in a limited scope1,4 and the uncontrolled formation of both mono- and dimethylated products.2 This reflects the need for new methylation methods which will overcome mentioned limitations. Scheme 1. Ortho-methylation with precious metal To address the toxicity and expense of the precious metal catalysis, first row metal-catalyzed C−H functionalization has recently been recognized as a straightforward and a powerful tool for the formation of Csp2 Csp3 bonds in modern organic synthesis. In addition first row transition metals introduce interesting mechanistic possibilities for ortho-methylation; they are readily available and relatively low toxicity.1, 4 Recently Lu and co-workers reported the cobalt (II)-catalyzed direct C-H methylation of unactivated (hetero)arenes using dicumyl peroxide (DCP) as the methyl source, base and most importantly as an oxidant. Cobalt mediated C-H functionalization is a maturing field; however, there exist only two examples of its application to methylation of aromatics, using N-methyl-1-naphthamide and benzo[h]quinolone substrates respectively. The reaction proved to be mild, functional group tolerant and uses a less toxic methylating reagent. The paper reports effective access to a range of ortho-methylated (hetero)aromatic carboxamides (Scheme 2).5 Scheme 2. Ortho-methylation with cobalt catalysts Chatani and co-workers reported the use of aryltrimethylammonium bromide and iodide as new methylating reagents in conjunction with nickel-catalyzed C-H bond activation (Scheme 3). Changing from a palladium6 catalyst to nickel makes the ammonium salt act as a methyl source rather than aryl source for a range of 8-aminoquinoline aryl amides. Unfortunately harsh conditions make it difficult to control the selectivity between mono- and dimethylation at the ortho positions in some cases.7 Scheme 3. Ortho-methylation with nickel catalyst using aryltrimethylammonium iodide as methylating reagent Nakamura and co-workers have reported two separate iron-catalyzed conditions seemingly solving a lot of issues associated with the previous examples. The direct C-H methylation reaction with a picolinoyl or 8-aminoquinolyl directing groups, an iron/diphospine catalyst, and inexpensive 2,3-dichlorobutane as an oxidant furnished an efficient, robust reaction (Scheme 4).8 Unfortunately the method relies upon superstoichiometric methyl equivalents in the form of the pyrophoric trimethylaluminum. Scheme 4. Ortho-methylation with iron catalyst using trimethylaluminum as methyl source Nakamura and co-workers further optimized the iron-catalyzed C-H methylation reaction by screening ligands.9 The tridentate phosphine ligand NMe2-TP in combination with Fe(acac)3 catalyzed the ortho C-H methylation of simple aromatic carbonyl compounds without requiring additional directing groups. This reaction showed wide substrate generality, functional group tolerance, and resistance to catalytic poisons taking advantage of functional groups inherent to the advanced intermediates (Scheme 4).9 This seminar will discuss the scope and limitations of these recently published methods, and assess the progress towards developing general solutions to the challenge of late-stage methyl incorporation. References: Schà ¶nherr H., Cernak T. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2013, 52, 12256 Lyons T. W., Sanford M. S. Chem. Rev. 2010, 110, 1147 Snieckus V. Chem. Rev. 1990, 90, 879 Yan G., Borah A. J., Wang L. and Yanga M. Adv. Synth. Catal. 2015, 357, 1333 Li Q., Li Y., Hu W., Hu R., Li G. and Lu H. Chem. Eur. J. 2016, 22, 12286 Zhu F., Tao J.-L., Wang Z.-X. Org. Lett. 2015, 17, 4926 Uemura T., Yamaguchi M., and Chatani N. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2016, 128, 3214 Shang R., Ilies L, and Nakamura E. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2015, 137, 7660 Shang R., Ilies L. and Nakamura E. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2016, 138, 10132 Minds, Brains And Programs: Analysis Minds, Brains And Programs: Analysis Searle is arguing that a computer couldnt understand Chinese. Is this the right way to describe the view that Searle is arguing for in Minds, Brains, and Programs? If not, why not? In his Chinese Room argument, Searle observes that if manipulating Chinese symbols according to formal rules is insufficient for the person to understand Chinese, it is also insufficient for a computer to understand Chinese-both are engaging in mindless symbol manipulation. However, he isnt arguing that a computer couldnt understand Chinese, but rather that their programs themselves cant understand Chinese-symbol manipulation isnt constitutive of or sufficient for minds. Searle is not arguing that computers/machines cant think. In fact, he believes that only a machine can think (namely brains and machines that have the same causal powers as brains); he says that brains are machines, and brains think. However, according to Searle, whether something thinks depends not only on the program that it is running but also its hardware-the nature of the thing running the program. Simply implementing a program that is formally isomorphic to human thought processes, as in the Chinese Room example, is insufficient for intentionality and consequently thought (in this case, understanding Chinese) since a program can be instantiated without mental states-essentially, Searles argument is that formal computations on symbols cannot themselves produce thought. What is the systems response to the Chinese Room argument? Is Searle correct to think that the response begs the question because it assumes that the system understands Chinese? The systems response to the Chinese Room argument acknowledges that the man running the program does not understand Chinese. However, he is a part of a larger system that is comprised of the complete set of components that is necessary for answering the Chinese questions, and which as a whole does understand Chinese. Simply asserting that although the man wouldnt understand Chinese the whole system would, does beg the question. However, Searle is incorrect to think that the complete systems response begs the question-it counters Searles argument by observing that the Chinese room argument is logically invalid, being as its conclusion does not follow logically from its premise. Inferring that the system of which the man is a component does not understand Chinese from the premise that the man himself does not understand Chinese is invalid, because there is no logical connection between the premise and the conclusion. What is the point of Searles Chinese Gym example? What do you think the right response to it is? In his Chinese Gym example, Searle illustrates a hypothetical Chinese gym, populated by monolingual English speakers that follow instructions in English to collectively produce output indistinguishable from that of native Chinese speakers. It is analogous to the Chinese Room example but with more people and involves parallel processing-it can perform many computations at a time. Its purpose is to oppose Strong AI. Searles main argument is that it is self-evident that the only things occurring in the Chinese gym are meaningless syntactic manipulations from which intentionality and subsequently thought could not conceivably arise, both individually and collectively. Using the same method in which Copeland used the systems response to defend Strong AI and respond to the Chinese Room argument, we can respond logically to the Chinese Gym example. In other words, it is invalid to infer that a system (the gym) which consists of entities that dont understand Chinese doesnt understand Chinese, from the simple premise that the entities that comprise the system dont understand Chinese. There is no logical connection between the premise and the conclusion. Question 3 No amount of knowledge of the neural basis of taste experiences (or any other physical information) will enable you to know what Marmite tastes like. Only tasting Marmite can tell you what Marmite tastes like. Why is this an objection to physicalism? Physicalism holds that everything is comprised solely of its physical properties; that is, only physical things exist and everything is explicable in terms of the physical. The Physicalist would argue, for instance, that what it is like for someone to taste Marmite is one and the same as some physical quality-knowing the pertinent physical facts of the taste of Marmite are sufficient for knowing the actual taste of Marmite itself. Therefore the statement in question is an objection to physicalism being as it implies that there arent only physical properties since only tasting Marmite can really tell you what Marmite tastes like-for every experience there exist subjective, phenomenal qualities that one could not know of solely via knowledge, but only through experience. In other words, one will have experiences for which one has no corresponding concept; experiences extend beyond simple, learnable physical qualities. This is an objection to the physicalists argument that for everything in the universe there exist only objective, physical bases for everything in the universe. How would Lewis respond to the argument in (a)? Is this a good response? The argument in (a) is analogous to the Knowledge Argument, which Lewis would respond to with the Ability Argument. His position on (a) is in the middle. He agrees that there are aspects of ability that do not consist simply of information possession, and that we do call knowledge. However, he contrasts possessing a new fact with possessing a new ability-having a new experience does not imbue an individual with any new propositional knowledge, but only a bundle of abilities (to imagine, remember and recognize: know-how). These are abilities you cannot gain except by tasting Marmite, and learning what an experience is like means gaining certain abilities-he is fine with the argument in (a), but simply distinguishes that abilities rather than special phenomenal facts are acquired via experiences. This is a good response because learning what an experience is like means gaining certain abilities but its up for grabs what, if anything, the causal basis for those abilities may represent. There is no proof that tasting Marmite is the only way to know what it tastes like as the experience allows one to acquire special phenomenal facts which cannot be represented in any other way nor taught, other forms of tasting Marmite that lead to the same brain state may exist. What is the hard problem associated with the taste of Marmite, and how does it contrast with easy problems associated with explaining taste experiences? The hard problem questions how and why neural processes lead to certain subjective experiences. In the context of tasting Marmite, it is associated with the subjective experience of the taste of Marmite-facts about conscious experience that cannot be deduced from physical facts about the functioning of the brain. The problem of explaining the subjective taste of Marmite, or why the experience even exists in the way it does, is hard. In other words the hard problem is the problem of explaining why a brain state necessary and sufficient for having the experience of tasting Marmite is correlated with the experience of tasting Marmite and not with some other experience. Here we have no conceptions of how physical goings-on give rise to experiences. This contrasts with the easy problem of experiences, which concerns the objective mechanisms of the cognitive system-everything can be solved or explained in terms of neurological or physical goings-on that stimulate certain responses. In the context of taste experiences, the easy question would state that the experiences come into existence simply when neurotransmitters activate taste buds.

Sleep, Dreams and REM Sleep Behavior Disorder :: Biology Essays Research Papers

Sleep, Dreams and REM Sleep Behavior Disorder The discovery of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep suggested that sleep was not, as it was thought to be, a dormant state but rather a mentally dynamic one. Your brain is, in fact, very active in this state, almost to the level at which it is when a person is awake. Yet during this active stage in which most dreams occur, the movements of the rest of the body are completely stilled. To imagine this paralysis during dreams not occurring is a frightful image, since in many cases dreams are violent and active. When the neurotransmitters that control the movement of the body do not work properly the person develops REM sleep behavioral disorder (RBD). While we are sleeping the sensory world is essentially revolving around us without our knowledge. Our senses of hearing, touch, taste, sight, and smell no longer function as they do when we are awake. Except for the threshold for each of these senses that each of us has while we sleep, our inner systems are working essentially free of input from the outside world. And yet people are able to have vivid dreams. The cortex can only pass into sleep mode with the help of the are of the brain called the thalamus. The thalamus is one of the two structures that make up the diencephalon, the lower part of the fore brain. Its main function in mammals is as the relay station of sensory information its way to the cortical center. Specific regions of the thalamus, as well as different nuclei process different sensory information on its way to the cortex. In normal sleeping patterns a person usually passes through five phases of sleep, the fifth being REM. The sleeping human passes cyclically through these five phases throughout a night's rest. These phases can be defined in electrical activity of the brain; much like the activity of the heart is often defined. The technique of measuring the electrical activity of the brain is call Electro-encephalogram, or EEG. When the electrical events of a person's brain are graphed on a electrical magnitude versus time axis the graph of a person who is in different stages of being asleep or awake appear to have different levels of electrical activity occurring in the brain. (See (14)) During the cycle of the phases each lasts for a different period of time during the time we are sleeping.

Essay About Literature Essay

Literature is timeless, it endured all the changes of the past and is still is being appreciated till the present time and will still be as time goes by.  Literature exists in every country, in every language, and in every period but each has its own uniqueness that stands out for their styles. It exceeds time; literary works of famous people regardless of what period in time they came from is still being appreciated, if not more than when the period it is from. Literary works from the early periods had undergone different adaptations by the later periods to preserve the author’s great work, the ideas, and the creativity they instil in every words to make it live through time. There is a purpose for reading literary works – to entertain and educate its readers or audience. Reading, for example, a novel is just like watching a movie in a very slow pace; reading can make you cry, laugh, smile, get angry and whatnot just like watching a movie; reading lets us imagine the characters, the settings, and what happens in the story. As it entertains us, it also educates us and teaches us about life experiences that we might encounter, and the morals that we should possess. Other literary works inform us about happenings in daily life which also falls in educating the readers. There are different types of literary works, it doesn’t just end with reading materials, and it can also be in a form of a song and a play. It can be performed in front of people or just enjoyed by oneself; it has different genres to offer to different interests of people. Literature is everywhere and in any time and it knows no bounds.

Expressions of the self through the body Essay

Within the framework of the 21st Century, western society is increasingly exposed to images and ideologies of the embodiment of ‘success’ and ‘happiness’. The media is rife with these conceptualisations and affects us all on varying levels of influence and intensity. The very basis of the study of the social sciences (that various spheres of the expression of societal values are interconnected and incomplete apart) is the foundation for the claim that ideologies associated with the modern capitalist value system strongly and wholly affect the understanding and expression of our identity through the management and aesthetics of our bodies. To understand the origin of this claim, and to further explain the phenomenon it identifies, several steps need to be taken. Firstly, the values of the modern capitalist framework have to be identified and adequately compared to the contemporary understanding of the body and of sexuality. Secondly, expressions of the body and sexuality will be explored, to adequately assess the influence these values have through visual media. Finally response to these values and images will be considered, in order to critically analyse the true degree of agency that has been successfully exercised within this complex association of cause and effect. As established throughout the second section of this course, the complex and influential structure of capitalism lies in the celebration of the individual, and not of the society. (Loy 1997). Characteristics inherent in capitalism are the importance of the individual; the necessity for competition among these individuals to justify the importance of the individual; and the desire to embody wealth, success and happiness through financial means. Also pivotal to the success of capitalism is the illusion of freedom of choice and agency within society for the individual to construct a unique identity (Loy 1997, Cox 1999). What is perhaps most important in terms of the relationship between capitalism and the expression of identity and sexuality through the body is the concept of commodity aesthetics, the beautification of any object to increase it’s desirability to the consumer. (Sarup, 1997) The relationship between these values and the understanding and expression of our bodies can be explained in terms of the research done by Rohlinger (2002), whereby a complex study into the representations of men in advertisements was conducted to assess the ‘objectification’ of men that he identified as prominent. While the implications of this study are more in-depth than the conclusions discussed here, the results belie, in part, the beautification of men in the media to create desire for not only the image, but also the product associated with the image. The biggest category of depiction of men he identified was the so-called ‘erotic male’, whereby a male, of often indeterminable sexual preference, was portrayed sexually, thereby appealing to both straight and gay men, thus following the dual advertising method (Rohlinger, 2002). It would thus appear as if men have been ‘beautified’ in order to increase desire for the product associated with the model. While it may seem to be a leap in logic to equate the ‘erotic’ male with the ‘beautified’ male, the reasoning behind this premise lies in the conceptualisation of beauty in modern society. While it can be argued that advertising affects these values, and that the values in turn affects the advertising, I would suggest that the attractiveness of a male or female lies wholly in terms of sexual appeal, and thus by an erotic portrayal, the beautification process – however atypical – occurs. If the example of Rohlinger’s research is further employed and employed as it was intended, it becomes clear that through advertising techniques, the capitalist framework has blatantly influenced media portrayals of the body and sexuality, and thus has direct influence on our own expression of sexuality and identity through our bodies. Within the work of Susan Benson (1997), the degree of identity expression through the body is discussed. The capitalist influence has (seemingly) autonomously decided what bodily images determine varying aspects of an identity. (Benson, 1997) In order to appear healthy and in control, a well-toned and slim body is essential. Bodies that do not conform to these characteristics thus display an out of control and unhealthy person, negatively reflecting on his or her identity. In terms of the influence of structure and agency and the way in which symbols are given value to construct an identity (Jenkins, 1996), the outward display of an identity and any agency in play, is manifested in the aesthetics of the body through the use of symbols that appeal to the senses of those who would validate the identity. These symbols can be clothing, fragrances, language and body language. It is for this reason that the media – ironically, a manifested construct of the very society it attempts to influence and control within a capitalist framework – seeks to associate a type of identity with various commodities to be marketed, increasing not only the desirability of the product, but of the identity as well. If the claim that gender and sexuality have long been two of the few certainties in one’s identity (Segal 1997), then evidence to suggest increasing blurring of the line of distinction between what expresses the embodiment of being a man or a woman, would indicate a critical turning point in social history, emphasising a shift towards the androgynous and sexual ambiguity. Rohlinger’s research further identified the depiction of men in advertisements as having an ‘unknown’ sexual orientation (2002) thus fulfilling appeal to both a heterosexual and homosexual male community, yet in very different ways. This type of depiction allows for the viewer of the advertisement to identify with a particular interpretation of the male model – further developing the idea that the agency it appears we are exercising is indeed limited within the structures we find ourselves in. This eroticising effect on the male image – and similarly on the female image – in the media is thus adopted by those who find the identity and image desirable (which returns us to the circle of desirability between the product and the identity associated with the product) and is then outwardly displayed through the appearance of the body. This adoption of a particular identity extends to the sexuality that may or may not be displayed within the advertisement as well, causing the blurring of distinction between male and female sexuality. The portrayals of men and women have become increasingly similar in society (Benson 1997) and thus too have the expressions of masculinity and femininity, weakening previous concepts of gender roles (Hearn 1999). The by-products of these influential depictions of men’s and women’s identities in contemporary society range from liberal movements gaining acceptability within a sexual context, to the increase in eating disorders, body building, and the supplement industry in an attempt to achieve a ‘healthy’ body, thereby conforming to the acceptable and desirable identity of contemporary society. The increase in support for the gay and lesbian right’s movements, as well as the continued evolution of the feminist movement, are all examples of responses to the effects of capitalism on society through the media. As in the previous section, the manifestations of various identities increasingly depict an androgynous sexuality, appealing to hetero- and homosexual members of society. (In part due to the increasing wealth of the homosexual consumer) With this subconscious validation of homosexuality in the media, it appears it has become increasingly socially acceptable to either be homosexual, or support the movement and to adopt its value system. (Rohlinger 2002; Hearn 1999; Benson 1997) This type of liberal movement, while an apparent display of agency in the determination of an identity, appears to be yet another type of conformity to the current desirable identity. Thus the response – albeit in later years – is not one based in agency, but in passive acceptance of a contemporary trend. Similar criticism can be levelled at the development of the feminist movement in current culture. While the view of Rohlinger (2002) may be considered somewhat sensationalist and one-sided, her idea that even feminism and women’s liberation has been commodified and a purchasable identity to the movement ascribed, is one that contains some validity. So far reaching is the grasp of capitalism, that it is able to commodify that which inadvertently opposes the values of capitalism, by advocating freedom of expression and a resistance to the values of the patriarchal society in existence today (Bhasin, 1993). An example of this trend would be a television advertiseme nt for a popular drink with the tag ‘Girls Night. No Boys Allowed’. This blatant commodification of the independent and liberal woman as an identity, critically wounds the credibility of the movement it seeks to ascribe itself to. The increased phenomenon of female and male eating disorders prevalent among teenagers (certainly the most influential target group in modern society) further illustrates the growing trend in conformity to the desirable body image in at attempt to embody a certain identity. At the other end of the scale (so far removed, it has perhaps come full circle) is the bodybuilding trend: whereby men and women seek to become the pinnacle of strength, power and fitness. This trend identifies not only the blur in distinction between masculinity and femininity (â€Å"active/passive† – Segal, 1997) as women attempt to embody a previously masculine identity, but also seeks to display, perhaps, a resistance (Castells, 1997) to the threat of androgyny and supposed equality of men and women in society, as men attempt to over-emphasise their physical – ergo societal – strength and dominance. In perhaps the most obvious sign of a symbiotic relationship within these two forces, the dietary and health supplement industry is booming, as it convinces millions each year that the healthy body – therefore identity – is contained within a capsule or a milkshake. In this brief and general exploration into the relationship between the capitalist society and the expression of identity through the body image, it appears clear that the values of capitalism have directly affected the expression of identity and sexuality in modern society. So influential is the media that social actors feel compelled to conform and duplicate these images in order to maintain a sense of acceptance within society. It is also evident that very little real resistance has developed to this trend, and that even those who do not physically manifest their response to this trend, appear to have adopted the ideology in more subtle ways – tellingly, purchasing products associated with the identity they subconsciously want to adopt. Thus the construction of our identity and sexuality is clearly outwardly displayed through the expression of our body, and the media of capitalism is singularly successful by directing it’s influence on our continuing desire to expres s our identity through outward appearances and symbols.

Lord Stirling in the American Revolution

Lord Stirling in the American Revolution Early Career Born in 1726 in New York City, William Alexander was the son of James and Mary Alexander.   From a well-to-do family, Alexander proved a good student with an aptitude for astronomy and mathematics.   Completing his schooling, he partnered with his mother in a provisioning business and proved a gifted trader.   In 1747, Alexander married Sarah Livingston who was the daughter of the wealthy New York merchant Philip Livingston.   With the beginning of the French Indian War in 1754, he commenced service as a provisioning agent for the British Army.   In this role, Alexander cultivated close ties to the Governor of Massachusetts, William Shirley.    When Shirley ascended to the post of commander-in-chief of British forces in North America following the death of Major General Edward Braddock at the Battle of the Monongahela in July 1755, he selected Alexander as one of his aide de camps.   In this role, he met and befriended many of the elites in colonial society including George Washington.   Following Shirleys relief in late 1756, Alexander traveled to Britain to lobby on his former commanders behalf.   While abroad, he learned that the seat of the Earl of Stirling lay vacant.   Possessing family ties to the area, Alexander began pursuing a claim to the earldom and commenced styling himself Lord Stirling.   Though Parliament later declined his claim in 1767, he continued to use the title. Returning Home to the Colonies Returning to the colonies, Stirling resumed his business activities and began building an estate in Basking Ridge, NJ.   Though he received a large inheritance from his father, his desire to live and entertain like nobility often put him into debt.   In addition to business, Stirling pursued mining and various forms of agriculture.   His efforts at the latter saw him win a gold medal from the Royal Society of Art in 1767 for his attempts to commence winemaking in New Jersey.   As the 1760s passed, Stirling became increasingly displeased with British policy towards the colonies.   This change in politics moved him firmly into the Patriot camp when the American Revolution began in 1775 following the Battles of Lexington and Concord. The Fighting Begins Quickly appointed a colonel in the New Jersey militia, Stirling frequently used his own fortune to equip and outfit his men.   On January 22, 1776, he gained notoriety when he led a volunteer force in capturing the British transport Blue Mountain Valley which had grounded off Sandy Hook.   Ordered to New York City by Major General Charles Lee shortly thereafter, he aided constructing defenses in the area and received a promotion to brigadier general in the Continental Army on March 1.   With the successful end of the Siege of Boston later that month, Washington, now leading American forces, began moving his troops south to New York.   As the army grew and reorganized through the summer, Stirling assumed command of a brigade in Major General John Sullivans division which included troops from Maryland, Delaware, and Pennsylvania. The Battle of Long Island In July, British forces led by General Sir William Howe and his brother, Vice Admiral Richard Howe, began arriving off New York.   Late the following month, the British commenced landing on Long Island.   To block this movement, Washington deployed part of his army along the Guan Heights which ran east-west through the middle of the island.   This saw Stirlings men form the right flank of the army as they held the westernmost part of the heights.   Having thoroughly scouted the area, Howe discovered a gap in the heights to east at Jamaica Pass which was lightly defended.   On August 27, he directed Major General James Grant to make a diversionary attack against the American right while the bulk of the army moved through Jamaica Pass and into the enemys rear. As the Battle of Long Island commenced, Stirlings men repeatedly turned back British and Hessian assaults on their position.   Holding for four hours, his troops believed they were winning the engagement as they were unaware that Howes flanking force had begun rolling up the American left.   Around 11:00 AM, Stirling was compelled to begin falling back and was shocked to see British forces advancing to his left and rear.   Ordering the bulk of his command to withdraw over Gowanus Creek to the final defensive line on Brooklyn Heights, Stirling and Major Mordecai Gist led a force of  260–270 Marylanders in a desperate rearguard action to cover the retreat.   Twice attacking a force of over 2,000 men, this group succeeded delaying the enemy.   In the fighting, all but a few were killed and Stirling was captured. Return to Command at the Battle of Trenton Praised by both sides for his audacity and bravery, Stirling was paroled in New York City and later exchanged for Governor Montfort Browne who had been captured during the Battle of Nassau.   Returning to the army later that year, Stirling led a brigade in Major General Nathanael Greenes division during the American victory at the Battle of Trenton on December 26.   Moving into northern New Jersey, the army wintered at Morristown before assuming a position in the Watchung Mountains.   In recognition of his performance the previous year, Stirling received a promotion to major general on February 19, 1777.   That summer, Howe unsuccessfully attempted to bring Washington to battle in the area and engaged Stirling at the Battle of Short Hills on June 26.   Overwhelmed, he was forced to fall back.   Later in the season, the British commenced moving against Philadelphia via the Chesapeake Bay.   Marching south with the army, Stirlings division deployed behind Brandywine Creek as Washington attempted to block the road to Philadelphia.   On September 11 at the Battle of Brandywine, Howe reprised his maneuver from Long Island by sending a force Hessians against the Americans front while moving the majority of his command around Washingtons right flank.   Taken by surprise, Stirling, Sullivan, and Major General Adam Stephen attempted to shift their troops north to meet the new threat.   Though somewhat successful, they were overwhelmed and the army forced to retreat. The defeat ultimately led to the loss of Philadelphia on September 26.   In an attempt to dislodge the British, Washington planned an attack at Germantown for October 4.   Employing a complex plan, American forces advanced in multiple columns while Stirling was tasked with commanding the armys reserve.   As the Battle of Germantown developed, his troops entered fray and were unsuccessful in their attempts to storm a mansion known as Cliveden.   Narrowly defeated in the fighting, the Americans withdrew before later moving into winter quarters at Valley Forge.   While there, Stirling played a key role in disrupting attempts to unseat Washington during the Conway Cabal.   Later Career In June 1778, the newly-appointed British commander, General Sir Henry Clinton, commenced evacuating Philadelphia and moving his army north to New York.   Pursued by Washington, the Americans brought the British to battle at Monmouth on the 28th.   Active in the fighting, Stirling and his division repulsed attacks by Lieutenant General Lord Charles Cornwallis before counterattacking and driving the enemy back.   Following the battle, Stirling and the rest of the army assumed positions around New York City.   From this area, he supported Major Henry Light Horse Harry Lees raid on Paulus Hook in August 1779.   In January 1780, Stirling led an ineffective raid against British forces on Staten Island.   Later that year, he sat on the board of senior officers that tried and convicted British spy Major John Andre. In the late summer of 1781, Washington departed New York with the bulk of the army with the goal of trapping Cornwallis at Yorktown.   Rather than accompany this movement, Stirling was selected to command those forces remaining in the region and maintain operations against Clinton.   That October, he assumed command of the Northern Department with his headquarters at Albany.   Long known for overindulging in food and drink, by this time he had come to suffer from severe gout and rheumatism.   After spending much of his time developing plans to block a potential invasion from Canada, Stirling died on January 15, 1783 only months before the Treaty of Paris formally ended the war.   His remains were returned to New York City and interred in the Churchyard of Trinity Church.      Sources Mount Vernon: Lord StirlingSterling Historical Society: William AlexanderFind a Grave: William Alexander

Which Common App Essay Prompt Should You Choose

Which Common App Essay Prompt Should You Choose SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips On the one hand, the fact that the Common Application has five essay prompts to choose from is great news! No matter what your story, you’re sure to find a good fit. On the other hand, having five prompts means you can write five different kinds of essays, each with its own potential pitfalls and clichà ©s to steer around. In this article, I’ll outline two totally different approaches to figuring out which Common App essay prompt is right for you and help you brainstorm possible ideas for each. I'll also talk about what makes great college essays great, and give examples of what you want to avoid when crafting your essay. What Are Application Essays for, Anyway? Before you can choose an essay prompt, before you figure out what you’re going to write about, it helps to know what the goal of your writing is. Think about it: if your goal were to give someone instructions, you’d write really differently than if your goal were to describe a landscape. So What is the College Essay Supposed to Do? Admissions officers want to know the things they can’t find in the numbers that make up the rest of your application. They want to know aboutyour background, where you come from, and what has shaped you into the person you are today. They want to see your personality, your character, and your traits as a person. They want to learn your thinking style and perspective on the world. They want to make sure you have the ability to creatively problem solve. And finally, they also want to double check your maturity level, your judgment, and get a general sense of whether you would be a good college student – whether you would thrive in an environment where you have to be independent and self-reliant. So think about the college essay as away of letting the admissions office get to know you the way a close acquaintance would. You have to let them in and share real thoughts, feelings, and some vulnerabilities. You definitely don't need to reveal your deepest darkest secrets, butyou should avoid only showing your surface faà §ade. OMG, Dean of Admissions, I totally have to tell you about the time I singlehandedly hurricane-proofed the local pet shelter. Ok, pinkie-promise you won't tell anyone. How to Brainstorm Ideas for Each Common App Prompt There are two big-picture ways of coming up with essay ideas. Maybe you may already know the story you want to tell. There is something so momentous, so exciting, or so dramatic about your life experience, that there is no doubt that it needs to be in your college application. Or maybe you need to approach finding a topic with some more directed brainstorming. There's nothing wrong with not having a go-to adventure! Instead, you can use the prompts themselves to jog your memory about your interesting accomplishments. Approach #1: Narrating Your Exciting Life Doessomething from your life immediately jump into your head as the thingyou would have to tell anyone who wanted to know the real you? If you already know exactly which of your life experiences you are going to write about, you candevelop this idea before even looking at the prompts themselves. You can ask yourself a few questions to see whether this is your best brainstorming option. Is there something that makes you very different from the people around you? This could be something like being LGBT in a conservative community, having a disability, being biracial, or belonging to a minority group that is underrepresented in your community. Has your life had a watershed moment? Do you think of yourself as before X and after X? For example, did you meet a childhood hero who has had an outsized impact on your life? Did you suddenly find your academic passion? Did you win an award or get recognized in a way you were not expecting to? Did you find yourself in a position of leadership in an unusual time or place? Did you live through something dramatic? A crisis you faced, a danger you overcame, the complete upheaval of your circumstances? Maybe you lived through a natural disaster, made your way home after being lost in the woods, or moved from one country to another? Was your childhood or young adulthood out of the ordinary? Were you particularly underprivileged, or overprivileged in some unusual way? For instance, did you grow up very poor, or as the child of a celebrity? On a boat rather than in a house, or as part of afamily that never stayed long in one place because of your parents’ work or other circumstances? Can I write an essay about my daily commute? I think it's a littlemore involved than most people's. Approach #2:Brainstorming for Each Prompt If you don’t have an unusual life experience or a story that you absolutely know needs to get told, don’t worry! Some of the very best personal essays are about much more mundane, everyday, and small situations that people face. In fact, it’s better to air on the side of small and insightful if you don’t have a really dramatic and unusual big thing to write about. Let’s go through the prompts one by one, and think of some ways to use more ordinary life events to answer them. Prompt #1 Some students have a background, identity, interest, or talent that is so meaningful they believe their application would be incomplete without it. If this sounds like you, then please share your story. This is the broadest of the five prompts. Almost anylife experience that you write about could fit in this category, but you need to be careful to avoid writing the same essay as every other applicant. Brainstorming Ideas Background. Did a family member or friend have a significant influence on your life? Did you grow up in a particularly supportive and tolerant, or narrow-minded and intolerant community? Were your parents not able to provide for you in the expected way? Did you have an unusual home life? For example, my family came to the U.S. as refugees from Russia. By the time I went to college, I had lived in 5 different countries and had gone to 9 different schools. This wasn’t a traumatic experience, but it certainly did shape me as a person, and I wrote about it for my graduate school applicationessay. Identity. Are you a member of an interesting subculture (keep in mind that violent or illegal subcultures are probably best left off your college application)? Do you strongly identify with your ethnic or national heritage? Are you a committed fan of something that someone like you would be expected to dislike? Interest. In this category, esoteric interests are probably better than more generic ones because you don’t want your essay to be the hundredth essay anadmissions officer sees about how much you like English class. Do you like working with your hands to fix up old cars? Do you cook elaborate food? Are you a history buff and know everything there is to know about the war of 1812? Talent. This doesn’t have to be some epic ability or skill. Are you really good at negotiating peace between your many siblings? Do you have the uncanny ability to explain math to the math challenged? Are you a dog or horse whisperer? Are you an unparalleled mushroom forager? Pitfalls to Avoid Insignificance. The thing you describe has to be â€Å"so meaningful† the application â€Å"would be incomplete without it.† Redundancy. If the interest you write about is a pretty common one, like playing a musical instrument or reading books, make sure you have an original angle on how this interest has affected you. Otherwise, your essay runs the risk of being a clichà ©, and you might want to think about skipping this idea. Bragging. If you decide to write about your talent, be aware that by focusing on how very good you are at playing the cello, you run the risk of bragging and coming off as unlikable. It’s much better if you either describe a talent a little more off the beaten path. Or if you do end up writing about your excellent pitching arm, you may want to focus on a time when your athleticism failed you in some way or was unsuccessful. Dear Admissions Committee, my skills as a platform designer for balancing acrobats are sought far and wide... Prompt #2 The lessons we take from failure can be fundamental to later success. Recount an incident or time when you experienced failure. How did it affect you, and what did you learn from the experience? In essence, you’re being asked to demonstrate resilience. Can you get back on the horse after falling off? Can you pick yourself up and dust yourself off? This quality is really important to colleges, so it's great ifyou have a story that shows off your ability to do this. Brainstorming Ideas The key to this essay is the â€Å"later success† part. If all you went throughwas failure, and you learned no lesson and changed no approach in the future, then don’t use that experience here. Did you lose a game because of a new and poorly rehearsed strategy, but later tweak that strategy to create success? Did you not get the lead in the play, but then have a great experience playing a smaller part? Did you try a new medium only to completely ruin your artwork, but later find a great use for that medium or a way to reconceptualizeyour art? Did you try your best to convince an authority figure of something only to have your idea rejected, but then usea different approach to get your idea implemented? Pitfalls to Avoid Too much failure.Don't focus so much time on the â€Å"failure† half of the equation that you end up not giving enough space to the â€Å"later success† and â€Å"learn from the experience† parts. Too little failure. On the other hand, don't down the negative emotions of failure because of a fear of seeming vulnerable. Playing the victim.Avoid whining, blaming others for your failure, or relying on others to create your success. You should be the story’s hero here. It was the 10th ice cream I had dropped that day. I vowed then and there to never again get ice cream in a cone. I would only rely on cups from now on. Prompt #3 Reflect on a time when you challenged a belief or idea. What prompted you to act? Would you make the same decision again? The key to this promptis the reflection or insight that comes from the question â€Å"Would you make the same decision again?† Challenging deeply held views is not always a good idea. Writing about why your answer to this question is "No," could well demonstrate your maturity level and ability to tolerate viewsdifferent from your own. Brainstorming Ideas Remember, the belief or idea could be anyone’s: yours, a peer group’s, an authority figure’s.Did you stand up to your parents’ conservative or traditional values, for instance about gender norms? Did you get your friends to stop bullying someone? Also, the belief or idea also doesn’t have to be extremely serious or big in scope.Did you make dressing up for Halloween cool for teenagers in your town? Did you transform your own prejudice or bias, for example about athletes having interesting thoughts about philosophy? Pitfalls to Avoid Causing offense. If you have a story that deals with super hot button issues – for example, abortion or gun control – you need to be careful to keep your essay's tone respectful and unaggressive. This is a good thing to check by letting other people read your drafts and respond. Avoiding negative feelings. Challenging beliefsmeans pointing outthat what a person thinks now is wrong. It can also be quite lonely and isolating to be on an unpopular side of an issue. It’s important to include these negatives into the story, if they fit. And in conclusion, I now see that trying to convince the Queen to no longer use the Queen's Guard at the palace was a mistake. Prompt #4 Describe a problem you’ve solved or a problem you’d like to solve. It can be an intellectual challenge, a research query, an ethical dilemma – anything that is of personal importance, no matter the scale. Explain its significance to you and what steps you took or could be taken to identify a solution. â€Å"Describe† here means analyze, not just complain. If you can identify a problem, make sure you fully explore all of its aspects. Who is it actually a problem for? Whom does it benefit? Why is the situationthe way that it is? What contributes to the problem? This is a chance to show off your creative thinking and your ability to reason logically. Brainstorming Ideas Notice that the question includes the phrase â€Å"no matter the scale.† Your essay doesn’t necessarily have to be about the global refugee crisis or the intractable problem of child soldiers. If these are not problems you have found solutions to, focus on the things you have actually worked on and fixed (or could see yourself fixing). Intellectual challenge.Did you finally solve the New York Times Sunday crossword in pen? Did you devise an ingenious organization system for your chronically disorganized brother? Do you want to get to the bottom of how birds use magnetic fields to navigate? Research query.Did you meticulously trace your family tree back six, seven, eight generations? Did you solve the mystery of the provenance of an heirloom? Did you uncover the historical significance of a neighborhood building and save it from demolition? Will you study the way voting districts have been determined in your area to solve low voter turnout? Ethical dilemma. Did you calculate a fair way to divide your mom’s comic book collection between you and your siblings? Did you create an emergency evacuation plan for your home that includes both humans and pets? Do you plan on figuring out a way to convince local restaurants to switch to humanely produced meat? Pitfalls to Avoid Overly ambitious predictions.Watch out for overreach if you go with the future-problem aspect of this question. No singleperson is going to cure cancer or generate world peace, so make sure there is at least some realism to your predictions. So after extensive research, I can conclude that Elmer's glue does not in fact have the adhesive power to repair PVC pipe. Prompt #5 Discuss an accomplishment or event, formal or informal, that marked your transition from childhood to adulthood within your culture, community, or family. Going from childhood to adulthood doesn’t usually happen after one accomplishment or event, but is more of a process. This question is asking you to find one step along the process and explain how it fits into the long thread of your growing up. Brainstorming Ideas Notice that the event you describe can be â€Å"formal or informal.† This means that you don’t need necessarily to tell the story of some big, official ceremony. Instead, you can focus on a small moment that showed you that you were older, more mature, and more responsible than you had been before. Did your family make up its own adulthood initiation ceremony? Were you finally able to beat your mom in chess or shooting hoops, and did that change how she treated you? Did your dad cry in front of you for the first time, making you realize that you were old enough to handle it? Were you suddenly left in charge of younger siblings, and did you rise to the task instead of panicking? Were you allowed to make a big financial decision for the first time and found yourself taking it very seriously? For example, duringmy junior and senior year,my mom traveled extensively for work and my dad lived several states away, so I lived by myself for weeks at a time. It was exhilarating and made me feel independent and mature. But it was also lonely and burdensome, since I had to take care of everything in the house by myself. Living alone was a huge part of my life, shaped me into the person I was, and made me see myself in a new light as a grownup. Pitfalls to Avoid Sameness.Avoid the milestones that happen to everyone: driver’s license, bar/bat mitzvah, etc., unless they happened to you in some extraordinary way. And on the day I could finally fit all three pigeons on my arm, I knew that I was ready to go out into the world and to face my destiny. How to Make Your Idea Into an Essay Now that you've come up withsome possibleideas, how do you go about actually writing theessay? Before you write, you need to have a plan. I like to think about planning out personal essays that I've written by first imagining them as enjoyable movies. You want your reader to walk away entertained, to remember the characters and story, and to want to see more from the same creator. So how do good movies do those things? Character arc. Good movies have main characters that undergo some kind of change or transformation. Who is the main character of your essay? It’s you! The you of your essay has to start one way and end up another: more mature, with a different mindset, or having learned a lesson. Conflict or transformation. Good movies also have challenges. The main character doesn’t simply succeed and then keep on succeeding – that’s boring. Instead, the main character either overcomes an external obstacle or changes in some way from beginning to end. Your essay also needs this kind of story drive. This can come from an obstacle you overcame, an outside force that stood in your way, a disability or weakness you experience, a seemingly unsolvable problem you face. Or it could come from a before/after scenario: you used to be/think/act in one way, but now you've changed into a different/better person. Dramatic set-piece. In good movies, the conflict or transformation aren't just told to the audience. They are acted outin scenes set in specific locations, with dialogue, character close-ups, and different camera angles. In your essay, your storyalso needs to show you dealing with the conflict or transformation you facein a small, zoomed in, and very descriptive scene. Think spoken dialog, think sensory description (what did you see, smell, hear, touch?), think action verbs, think feelings. This scene should function as one illuminating example of what you overcame, or how you changed. Happy ending. Movies that are fun to watch tend to have happy endings. The hero resolves the conflict, emerges a better person, and looks forward to future accomplishments. Your essay also needs to have this kind of closure. This is really not the time to trot out your nihilism or cynicism. Instead, your essay should end on a moment of self understanding and awareness. You lived through something, or you did something, and it affected you in a way that you can verbalize and be insightful about. Coming soon: the story of you, starring you, written and directed by you. Which Prompt Should You Choose? So now that you've brainstormed some topicideas and a game plan for turning those ideas into an essay, how do you narrow it down tothe one? Reverse-Engineer the Perfect Prompt If you used the first brainstorming approach, try to formulate a big picture idea about the story you’re telling. Is the character arc primarily you learning something about yourself or making peace with your background? Sounds like a good fit for prompt #1. Is the conflict about you strugglingto do something buteventually succeeding? That goes well with prompt #2. Does the story focus on a mind being changed about an idea? You want to go with prompt #3. Does your happy ending involve you changing something for the better, fixing something, or solving a problem? Then your essay is ready for prompt #4. Is your character arc about growing up, gaining wisdom, or becoming more mature? Then you’re probably answering prompt #5. Look in Your Heart If you used the second brainstorming approach, get ready to get a little cheesy. Really listen to what your gut feelings are telling you about which of your ideas is most compelling, and which will get your emotional juices flowing on the page. Readers can tell when you're writing about something you care deeply about, so it's worth it to find the topic that has the most meaning to you. Not sure how to tell? Then this is the time to ask you parents, teacher you are close to, or some good friends for their input. Which of your ideas grabs their attention the most? Which do they want to hear more about? Chances are, that's the one that an admissions officer will also find the most memorable. What’s Next? Want a detailed explanation of why colleges ask you to write essays? Check outour explanation of what application essays are for. If you’re in the middle of your essay writing process, you’ll want to see oursuggestions on what essay pitfalls to avoid. When you start working on the rest of your application, don’t misswhat admissions officers wish applicants knew before applying. Want to improve your SAT score by 240 points or your ACT score by 4 points?We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

Leon Trotsky - Communist Writer and Leader

Leon Trotsky - Communist Writer and Leader Who Was Leon Trotsky? Leon Trotsky was a Communist theorist, prolific writer, leader in the 1917 Russian Revolution, the peoples commissar for foreign affairs under Lenin (1917-1918), and then head of the Red Army as the peoples commissar of army and navy affairs (1918-1924). Exiled from the Soviet Union after losing a power struggle with Stalin over who was to become Lenins successor, Trotsky was brutally assassinated in 1940. Dates:Â  November 7, 1879 August 21, 1940 Also Known As:Â  Lev Davidovich Bronstein Childhood of Leon Trotsky Leon Trotsky was born Lev Davidovich Bronstein (or Bronshtein) in Yanovka (in what is now Ukraine). After living with his father, David Leontyevich Bronstein (a prosperous Jewish farmer) and his mother, Anna, until he was eight years old, his parents sent Trotsky to Odessa for school. When Trotsky moved to Nikolayev in 1896 for his final year of schooling, his life as a revolutionary began to take shape. Trotsky Introduced to Marxism It was in Nikolayev, at age 17, that Trotsky became acquainted with Marxism. Trotsky began to skip school in order to talk with political exiles and to read illegal pamphlets and books. He surrounded himself with other young men who were thinking, reading, and debating revolutionary ideas. It didnt take long for the passive talks of revolution to metamorphose into active revolutionary planning. In 1897, Trotsky helped found the South Russian Workers Union. For his activities with this union, Trotsky was arrested in January 1898. Trotsky in Siberia After two years in prison, Trotsky was brought to trial and then exiled to Siberia. At a transfer prison on his way to Siberia, Trotsky married Alexandra Lvovna, a co-revolutionary who had also been sentenced to four years in Siberia. While in Siberia, they had two daughters together. In 1902, after serving only two of his four years sentenced, Trotsky decided to escape. Leaving his wife and daughters behind, Trotsky was smuggled out of town on a horse-drawn cart and then given a forged, blank passport. Without thinking long on his decision, he quickly wrote the name of Leon Trotsky, not knowing that this would be the predominant pseudonym he used for the rest of his life. (The name Trotsky had been the name of the head jailor of the Odessa prison.) Trotsky and the 1905 Russian Revolution Trotsky managed to find his way to London, where he met and collaborated with V. I. Lenin on the Russian Social-Democrats revolutionary newspaper, Iskra. In 1902, Trotsky met his second wife, Natalia Ivanovna whom he married the following year. Trotsky and Natalia had two sons together. When news of Bloody Sunday in Russia (January 1905) reached Trotsky, he decided to return to Russia. Trotsky spent most of 1905 writing numerous articles for pamphlets and newspapers to help inspire, encourage, and mold the protests and uprisings that challenged the tsars power during the 1905 Russian Revolution. By late 1905, Trotsky had become a leader of the revolution. Although the 1905 revolution failed, Trotsky himself later called it a dress rehearsal for the 1917 Russian Revolution. Back in Siberia In December 1905, Trotsky was arrested for his role in the 1905 Russian Revolution. After a trial, he was again sentenced to exile in Siberia in 1907. And, once again, he escaped. This time, he escaped via a deer-pulled sleigh through the frozen landscape of Siberia in February 1907. Trotsky spent the next ten years in exile, living in various cities, including Vienna, Zurich, Paris, and New York. Much of this time he spent writing. When World War I broke out, Trotsky wrote anti-war articles. When the Tsar Nicholas II was overthrown in February 1917, Trotsky headed back to Russia, arriving in May 1917. Trotsky in the New Government Trotsky quickly became a leader in the 1917 Russian Revolution. He officially joined the Bolshevik Party in August and allied himself with Lenin. With the success of the 1917 Russian Revolution, Lenin became the leader of the new Soviet government and Trotsky became second only to Lenin. Trotskys first role in the new government was as the peoples commissar for foreign affairs, which made Trotsky responsible for creating a peace treaty that would end Russias participation in World War I. When this role was completed, Trotsky resigned from this position and was appointed the peoples commissar of army and navy affairs in March 1918. This placed Trotsky in charge of the Red Army. The Fight to Be Lenins Successor As the new Soviet government began to strengthen, Lenins health weakened. When Lenin suffered his first stroke in May 1922, questions arose as to who would be Lenins successor. Trotsky seemed an obvious choice since he was a powerful Bolshevik leader and the man whom Lenin wanted as his successor. However, when Lenin died in 1924, Trotsky was politically outmaneuvered by Joseph Stalin. From that point on, Trotsky was slowly but surely pushed out of important roles in the Soviet government and shortly thereafter, he was pushed out of the country. Exiled In January 1928, Trotsky was exiled to the very remote Alma-Ata (now Almaty in Kazakhstan). Apparently that wasnt far away enough, so in February 1929, Trotsky was banished from the entire Soviet Union. Over the next seven years, Trotsky lived in Turkey, France, and Norway until he finally arrived in Mexico in 1936. Writing prolifically during his exile, Trotsky continued to criticize Stalin. Stalin, on the other hand, named Trotsky as the major conspirator in a fabricated plot to remove Stalin from power. In the first of the treason trials (part of Stalins Great Purge, 1936-1938), 16 of Stalins rivals were charged with aiding Trotsky in this treasonous plot. All 16 were found guilty and executed. Stalin then sent out henchmen to assassinate Trotsky. Trotsky Assassinated On May 24, 1940, Soviet agents machine-gunned Trotskys house in the early morning. Although Trotsky and his family were home, all survived the attack. On August 20, 1940, Trotsky was not so lucky. As he was sitting at his desk in his study, Ramon Mercader punctured Trotskys skull with a mountaineering ice pick. Trotsky died of his injuries a day later, at age 60.

Introduction to Psychology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Introduction to Psychology - Essay Example While I recognized that there were individuals with different personality structures, to me it was not clear what exactly constituted crazy or sane, and what demonstrated normal or abnormal psychology. After researching these elements throughout the course I have come to a greater understanding and appreciation of psychology and its elements within the lives of others. Considering sanity and insanity, while I had previously believed that there was a clear and distinct divide between these two elements, I now believe that the distinguishing features are much more nebulous. It’s my understanding that oftentimes individuals can demonstrate abnormal or deviant views on the nature of existence or life, while at the same time demonstrate functional lifestyles in other aspects of their life. I also recognize that oftentimes these individuals, with proper care and counseling, can come to develop more sane or functional modes of existence. In terms of abnormal or different behavior, wh ile I recognize that there are individuals whose behavior is so entirely deviant that they are a threat to themselves and society that it must be curbed, there are also a number of positive elements of anormal psychology. In these regards, the course has demonstrated to me that while there is abnormal psychology that must be dealt with, in many contexts it’s necessary to consider the positive benefits of a society that values neurological diversity (Zimbardo 2010). This is perhaps the most intellectual development I made throughout my study in this course. Namely, that while psychology and doctors are quick to label individuals as bio-polar, autistic, or schizophrenic, in many instances these individuals simply demonstrate psychological perspectives that are deviant of mainstream norms. In labeling these people as such, I’ve come to believe that society is actually doing them a disservice, as in many instances that are simply unique individuals facing oppressive mechan isms from a social order not open to neurological diversity. 2. Identify and discuss the forces acting on you to limit or prevent your freedom of choice, both those rooted in your past (such as guilt, traumatic memories, obligations, bad contracts, unrewarding experiences, punishment, low self-esteem, or shyness), those rooted in the present (including social pressures to conform, comply, obey, and do what others reward you for; personal pressure to be recognized, approved of, accepted, and loved), and those based in the future (such as unrealistic expectations, aspirations, concern for liabilities and responsibilities, desire for security, or fear of death). While one of the predominant thematic elements of American society is the claim of freedom for all citizens, when one examines the issue on a personal level it’s evident that freedom is more complex that right granted by the government. When one considers freedom in terms of their personal lives, it’s clear there are a number of past, present, and future elements that factor into the ability of one to truly exercise elements of personal choice. When I consider freedom in terms of my own life, I recognize that I am constricted by these elements. Personal choice in my life surfaces perhaps most strikingly in terms of my artistic and social desires. In terms of my artistic desires, I have somewhat idealistic notions of myself as being a successful singer, but recognize that such a desire is highly unlikely to come to fruition. As

Have British governments been 'tough' or 'tolerant' on race and Essay

Have British governments been 'tough' or 'tolerant' on race and immigration - or have they simply 'muddled through' - Essay Example The national security forces are engaged in patrolling the shoreline of the country so that illegal immigration can be reduced in terms of intensity and volume. Historically, the English policy towards managing illegal immigration was quite lenient but with the passage of time, as economic conditions got worse then, the immigration policy tightened. The governmental offices do not waste much time in deporting the illegal visitors so that population growth should be kept under control. The national per-capita income reduced significantly during the past few years. The dropdown of per-capita income is considered a direct response towards national level failure of the country in making a switch from industrialization to services. The English administrators and government are notorious for their egoistic attitudes and therefore, they attempted to carry out industrialization and services in parallel while, failing to keep their cost advantage intact in the global market. The English and A merican products were literally beaten up by the Chinese ones in the boundary-less marketplace (Nolan 2001). The American industrialists responded to the challenge effectively by outsourcing their productions to China whereas, the English business professionals falsely tried to save their national pride. The consequences of a wrong and unduly enforced strategic choice are becoming obvious in terms of lowering Gross Domestic Product and per-capita income. The nationalism is the one concept that experienced significant level of deformation in the recent years and the English government attempted to revitalize a dying notion that resulted in a prevailing horrific fiscal conditions (Burgoyne 2000). Previously, the nation was more than happy in accommodating immigrants who had a clean criminal record in the home country and used them as a means of promoting itself in the form of a humanitarian nation. The actual cause of helping the immigrants is to counteract negative growth of populati on while, increasing available and willing workforce. Thusly, the immigration policy of England was quite relaxed and the gaining of entry was also relatively easy in the past. The relaxed immigration policy was a manifestation of excellent economic conditions that were known to prevail in the last years of 20th century. However, as the world entered into the electronic era of the 21st century then, it rapidly converged to become a global village. The economic interdependencies increased and nations developed growing number of collaborative contractual agreements in order to manage the uncertainty of the global economic system (Hannon, Huang, & Jaw 1995). The technology improved and helped the global economic leaders in attaining widening cost related advantages as their ability to attain economies of scale and scope developed and strengthened. Nevertheless, Britain felt reluctant towards collaboration of their corporate activities with rest of the world and therefore, experienced l oneliness in the global market. Additionally, the national ability to develop and implement efficient technology reduced. In this way, the leading economy of the past failed in terms of sniffing the winds and due to this reason, it readily failed to maintain a proper and respectable place in the changing world order (Jensen 2002). The English philosophers are believed to be the providers of management theories and other

Millennium Pest Control Services Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Millennium Pest Control Services - Case Study Example Having completed this initial and important part of the marketing strategy, the firm is now in the process of configuring the value, set the price, communicate the set values to the prospective customers and deliver the values to the utmost satisfaction of the customers. "Consumer-focused marketing is the single most important factor that determines the success of an enterprise. Marketing is not just about selling. It requires a clear and astute understanding of what consumers want and the ability to deliver it to them through the most appropriate channels for a profit. It includes the planning, pricing, promotion and distribution of products and services for consumers, both present and potential." (Katherine Adam, Radhika Balasubrahmanyam, and Holly Born 1999) In today's competitive business environment, achieving the organizational twin objectives of maximizing the revenues and minimizing the costs depends entirely on the organisation's ability to improve upon the technical excellence by adopting innovative methods and improving the value of the products being offered to the customers. At the same time, adopting innovative techniques of production will lead to the creation of organizational values. It is very essential for a firm to constantly aim at the configuration of its value. "Configuring value means defining, creating, branding and pricing the offer" (Mark, 2004) While, the processes of defining and creating values are the crucial tasks in the success of any business, the processes of branding and pricing can be attempted with ease once a proper value is defined and created. The value configuration is a process by which the firm aims to create and occupy an unforgettable place for its products in the minds of the customers. The value configuration describes the ways by which value is created by the company for its customers and the ways by which such creation of value is exhibited as a reflection on the quality of the firm's products and services. This can be achieved by providing the customers the superior quality of the products or services, backed by the after sales services if required. Most of the firms forget the utility and value of the 'after sales service' as an important tool for gaining the brand loyalty. Thus the process of value creation encompasses managing quality in the entire chain of processes until the stage of the final co mpletion of the production or rendering of a service. To define organizational value is a difficult task, as the term takes different connotations under different circumstances depending on the perspectives to which it relates. It can be said that the best known value configuration is the value chain. While Porter's value chain framework (1985) is generally accepted as the common language for representing and analyzing the logic of firm-level value creation, Mark Gabbot (2004) presents the framework of value as an alternative to the traditional 4Ps approach. Adding value to the services and products in an organization is entrusted to the operations management for evolving suitable operational strategies to achieve higher value for the products and services. An organization may adopt all or any of the following strategies for value creation: Trying out different

Decision making for business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Decision making for business - Essay Example These activities are equally impossible to achieve in-house and therefore the outsourcing proposal would be very efficient in consideration of this argument. In this company, anything that is not buying and selling is a potential candidate for outsourcing. The intended services to be outsourced include distribution, quality control, packaging, design, security and cleaning activities. Fleet also wants to abolish its information technology (IT) department and outsource the services for the same. The question which then arises is whether the outsourced activities would result in significant improvements for the company or not. If outsourcing is to be carried out, it should be to enhance the profitability of Fleet Ltd so as for it to make the same gains that it used to make in 1980s and 1990s or even much better. Any likelihood of the occurrence of a loss as a result of outsourcing should render the whole idea obsolete and other options put into considerations in order to avoid the financial crisis awaiting Fleet Ltd. Outsourcing of distribution would reflect in the reduction of the size of the distribution staff from 250 to 3. The financial effect of this is that Fleet Ltd will reduce the amount of money that it uses to pay the current distribution staff. This means that there will be enough money available after the retrenchment of the 247 employees. This money can be channeled towards investment for the company, something that will definitely result in profits for the company. The outsourcing of distribution will therefore give Fleet Ltd a financial gain rather than a financial loss. On this understanding, it is clear that outsourcing of distribution is an effective idea and it is for the profitability advantage of Fleet Ltd. However, the non-financial impact will be the creation of job insecurity for the distribution staff that is likely to be retrenched. Fleet Ltd intends to outsource its IT needs

Teaching music to Children in a General Education Classroom Essay

Teaching music to Children in a General Education Classroom - Essay Example According to Joanne, (2), the cognitive developmental theory is fundamental in understanding how minds make logic of music as it is heard. Some of the goals include imparting formal and intuitive knowledge. Joanne, (2), argues that, a teacher is supposed to learn significantly during the music experiments. The cognitive theory is fundamental in helping the teacher to succeed in balancing the mismatch of assumptions between a student and a teacher. Similarly, the cognitive theory enables a teacher to acknowledge the children’s formal and informal ways of understanding. Another goal that a teacher can achieve by applying the cognitive theory is the ability to use the children’s descriptions as vital evidence in understanding their musical development (Joanne, 4). Equally, the theory enables teachers to draw conclusions from the children’s oral drawings, imagery and spatial ordering of such things like bells to disclose the clandestine and interior nature of inner i nquiry and approximating an indisputable knowledge of musical development.... I agree with his theory Jon Dewey believed that, children be encouraged to develop free personalities and taught on how to think and make judgments. I agree with this theory Maria, Montessori believed in individualized education. I agree with this theory John Holt, the pioneer and advocate for Home Education. Holt believed that children study best when; they are allowed to pursue their own interests rather than imposing learning on them. I agree with this theory. Marie Clay, the pioneer of Balanced Literacy Model and Reading Recovery. Marie believed the reading recovery component served well in lifting the low achievers. I agree with this theory. Jerome Bruner, the pioneer of discovery theory. Bruner discovered psychology and embraced a constructivist approach. Bruner believed that the discovery theory based on the assumption that a child learns and remembers better, what he/she discovers. Conversely, Bruner believed that, the children are able to recall new information if they assoc iate it to something they already understand. I agree with his theory. Howard Gardener, the pioneer of multiple intelligence theory. Gardener believed that children developed diverse aspects of intelligence. I agree with this theory (Joanne, 6). John Holt’s theory of advocating for Home Education best fits my interests and a fully align to it. Choose two instruments on pages 16-19 that you would like to share with your children. Name the instruments. Describe the instruments. Describe how the instruments are played? How will you use the instruments with your children? 1. Jingle Bells A bell is a musical instrument that produces different sounds when played. A bell is played by using a stick or a small metal rod or shaking. The instrument can be used to teach the

Employment law Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Employment law - Assignment Example Importantly, the laws are not the same in all the companies rather they differ depending on the cultural, political and economical factors of the countries. The employment law entails the relation between employees, employers, trade unions and the government. The employment law in relation to employees constitutes their rights at work. For instance in the UK Employment law; employment contracts, unfair dismissal, the Working Time Regulations, flexible working rights and equality aspects are outlined. With respect to the law, an employee is able to figure out the rights at work and how to acquire legal advice when discriminated against or unfairly dismissed from work. The UK employment law enables employers to comply with it thus treat their employees fairly and lawfully. Pauls dismissal due to his misbehavior is a controversial issue since other people may support or oppose the act. The employment law of UK outlines the procedure to be followed when an employee is to be sacked. As an HR manager in the store where Paul works, I will effectively advise the General Manager on what to do. This is because Paul has presented an unfair dismiss al claim to his Employment Tribunal Office. The course of action to be taken by the organization should therefore comply with the UK employment law. The organization should have considered Pauls source of the misconduct in order to proceed with the dismissal. A thorough and effective investigation was to be carried out before the dismissal. Therefore, Paul has a right to claim for the unfair dismissal to the local Employment Tribunal Office. The organization should have issued Paul a notice or warning before the dismissal. It did not follow the correct procedure of dismissal despite Paul involving himself into fighting which is considered fair enough for dismissal. According to the UK employment law, the organization should have carried out a proper investigation about Pauls misconduct instead of issuing

Teaching music to Children in a General Education Classroom Essay

Teaching music to Children in a General Education Classroom - Essay Example According to Joanne, (2), the cognitive developmental theory is fundamental in understanding how minds make logic of music as it is heard. Some of the goals include imparting formal and intuitive knowledge. Joanne, (2), argues that, a teacher is supposed to learn significantly during the music experiments. The cognitive theory is fundamental in helping the teacher to succeed in balancing the mismatch of assumptions between a student and a teacher. Similarly, the cognitive theory enables a teacher to acknowledge the children’s formal and informal ways of understanding. Another goal that a teacher can achieve by applying the cognitive theory is the ability to use the children’s descriptions as vital evidence in understanding their musical development (Joanne, 4). Equally, the theory enables teachers to draw conclusions from the children’s oral drawings, imagery and spatial ordering of such things like bells to disclose the clandestine and interior nature of inner i nquiry and approximating an indisputable knowledge of musical development.... I agree with his theory Jon Dewey believed that, children be encouraged to develop free personalities and taught on how to think and make judgments. I agree with this theory Maria, Montessori believed in individualized education. I agree with this theory John Holt, the pioneer and advocate for Home Education. Holt believed that children study best when; they are allowed to pursue their own interests rather than imposing learning on them. I agree with this theory. Marie Clay, the pioneer of Balanced Literacy Model and Reading Recovery. Marie believed the reading recovery component served well in lifting the low achievers. I agree with this theory. Jerome Bruner, the pioneer of discovery theory. Bruner discovered psychology and embraced a constructivist approach. Bruner believed that the discovery theory based on the assumption that a child learns and remembers better, what he/she discovers. Conversely, Bruner believed that, the children are able to recall new information if they assoc iate it to something they already understand. I agree with his theory. Howard Gardener, the pioneer of multiple intelligence theory. Gardener believed that children developed diverse aspects of intelligence. I agree with this theory (Joanne, 6). John Holt’s theory of advocating for Home Education best fits my interests and a fully align to it. Choose two instruments on pages 16-19 that you would like to share with your children. Name the instruments. Describe the instruments. Describe how the instruments are played? How will you use the instruments with your children? 1. Jingle Bells A bell is a musical instrument that produces different sounds when played. A bell is played by using a stick or a small metal rod or shaking. The instrument can be used to teach the

The Problems Surrounding Corporate Governance Are Rooted In the Essay

The Problems Surrounding Corporate Governance Are Rooted In the Peculiar Nature of Corporate Shareholding - Essay Example This essau declares that the recent economic crises and scandals have forced much expert attention on the system of corporate governance, its regulations, leading to the public disclosure of many of the financial figures associated with the processes. Here, attention has been specifically focussed on the shortcomings, related to the primacy of shareholder values that dominate the entire system. This paper makes a conclusion that the shareholders in most of the cases did not have a major role in creating the major financial crises of the 2000-2001 that had resulted in the economic breakdown of many of the large financial corporations. Despite some line of thinking that did not put the shareholders entirely above the line of guilt, it is more or less certain, that in majority of the cases the shareholders are mere bystanders, and do not have the power or the status to handle or interfere in the corporate governance, though it is certain that their investments are considered as playing a dominant role. Thus, it is evident that in this peculiar nature of the corporate shareholding system, where the shareholders have no rights on the nature of the investments made, yet their financial capital interests are given primary importance, do not have much of role in the problems faced in the line of the modern corporate governance. The problems within the corporate governance emerge mo re from the lack of effective regulatory and monitoring systems, that should focus more on the activities of the assets managers and investors, and the nature of the investments that are being made.

Effects of technology on society

Effects of technology on society Today, use of technology is widely available and aggressively promoted throughout society. However; while technology makes life easier for people, it also creates some problems for our society. Nearly every hot technology is created to fulfill people`s need and satisfy. With the evolvement of technology, people live in a world with better conditions. New technologies come out as every second passes and these technologies make our life more comfortable.. Today, society has enjoyed the benefits of having modern technology. However, there is some unnecessary luxuries frequently comes with unexpected and unwelcome consequences. Every solution appears to bring another problem with it. So companies must think about those consequences and side effects of new released technologies on humanity. For example in today word, there are lots of people who are using internet for different purposes. Most of the internet users say that internet makes life easier for people because of the opportunities offered by technology. Some of those people use internet for entertainment and some of them uses it for do their mandatory works. Some of those internet users are aware of those possible dangers waiting for them also their families and their relatives however some of the internet users don`t even have a clue what kind of problems waiting for them. Illegal downloads, internet users abusing the rights of the people who has rights on works and arts, pornography and online games that make people waste time and money can be listed as the main disadvantages that come with the internet technology. One other technology that seems to help make peoples life easier is the use of vehicles. Everyone believe that there lots of benefits of using vehicles in our life like it makes you save time and it helps to deliver important packages to wanted destination in time. However, overuse of vehicles cause serious harm to the environment as well as leading to traffic jams that affect peoples daily live s`. On the other hand, promotion and marketing of unnecessarily luxuries technologies that most of the society can`t afford divides the society into two and it creates discomfort within the society. Furthermore it`s a common belief that technology changes the way people communicate with each other. It`s argued that people became anti-social as a result of their excessive use of online communications. This has lead people to become very materialistic as they have lost their humane feelings. In this paper, we shall discuss what advantages certain technologies bring to the society as well as pointing out the areas and aspects of those technologies that create problems. Through the analysis of advantages and disadvantages of certain technologies, we aim to define a revision on the use of technology in order to have and maintain a happier society. But it doesnt mean that we must cross out all technology or stop the progress of it.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  First of all, it is obvious that today there is many people using internet and take advantage of blessings of internet. In general, internet is just a net-work between computers all around the word connected by cable or satellite. According to statics of year 2009, there are 6,767,805,208 internet users on the word. (World Internet Users and Population Stats internetworldstats.com. np. Web. 30 Sep. 2009.) People can use internet for their own good for so many different purposes. Student, which studies at any degree of any kind of education can easily find any kind of information on the internet by making quick search on any search web-site or communicate with their teachers without waiting for next day however it also possible to find access inappropriate information and use it for their work. Moreover it is possible to access any kind of entertainment product such as mp3s, movies, games, tutorials without paying any fee for them. A person shares those entertainment products for free and it affects the financial status of owner of these arts. For example The International Federation of the Phonographic Industry stated that 95% of music downloads from internet was illegal according to year 2008. It is equal to US$3.7 billion as a trade value. (Report claims 95% of Music Downloads Illegal Slashdot.org. IFPI. Web. 16 Jan. 2009.) They lose their profits because those illegal downloads. So abuse of the right of the people who has rights on works and arts loses their jobs because of companies profit principles. At the end of last century, internet progressively possessed every action of peoples lives and online shopping heeded many people`s attention. Online shopping saves people time to go to the shopping also with world-wide shopping sites people can find their desired products for very logical prices as well. However security exploit of online shopping makes people to hesitate about purchasing good online. There is a well known exam ple about that issue; three years ago, a young hacker (one who illegally breaks into computer systems) gained the data of hundreds of credit cards which is resulted as chaos between banks and victims. We can accept this occasion that technology occurs problems within solutions. Another good point of internet for every age people is online-gaming. According to statics of NPD group 62% of gamers plays their games online and that number is 217.000.000. (NPD reveals online gaming statics gamepro.com. NPD Eugene Huang. Web. 7 May. 2007.) Most of those games must be played within some real money and losing money is one of the two chances of those games. As a human nature humans always want to win and they are ambitious creatures. Some of them got beaten by their ambition and spends all their money on those online games which will result like marriage breakdowns and spending their children money to those games. It is same with all MMORPG games. There are lots of web-sites which offer gamer s to give power-levelling services or gold in an exchange of real money. Since children don`t know value of money they can easily possessed by those offers. Also there are lots of adultery movies or pictures on internet which will affect young children while they are growing mentally. So how to take advantage of internet or exploit it, is totally decided by people themselves, to resolve problem or misuse it and occur problems. However the certain thing is, technology did not intimidate or affect the quality of life conditions, people may be better to make better use of internet to develop the quality of their life. Because of the reasons I listed above technology creates more problems than it solves so companies which provides those technologies to people must work on those exploits before they release it.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Another great blessing of technology is discovered with invention of wheel and it was B.C. From that time with the evolution of technology, use of wheel spread through branches of transportation and nowadays we use it at our cars, trucks, buses and even on planes. So many people believe that there are lots of gains of using vehicles in our life. They stand behind the idea of use of vehicles in our makes our life easier and with todays chances there are lots of cargo companies which offer you to carry your letters, packages to any destination in minimum time. They also have different type of delivery services for every budget. Those are the bright face of medallion however we are skipping the other side; the dark side It`s true that transportation with vehicles have very important role in our everyday life. The car suggests serviceableness to humans. People can easily ride a car to go to their work in a short time, or to go out to have fun from good wea ther and spend their free-time with their families by taking them anywhere they want. However the accumulating quantity of cars results new difficulties. The amount of air pollution, the jammed traffic road in rush hours. Moreover there are limited park areas for vehicles in cities and that overuse of vehicles disturbs city residents. While we are using vehicles, we also burn gas and fuel. According to research at USA car emissions kill 30.000 people every year. (Pollution caruniverse.info. Np. Web. Feb.1998) Same research declares us most of the U.S. more than half of the residents in the U.S. lives in the places which failed to meet minimum air class requirements. It`s also proved that that air pollution threatens people`s life with so many health problems and damages human respiratory system, cardiovascular system and disease on heart and lungs. Since vehicles using petroleum products, after some time those sources will be exhausted too so we will face with the difficulty of find ing new sources for heating and gaining energy. As I mentioned above to solve congestion problems governments making new roads to ease traffic on crowded places. They are using free fields which are located at out of the city so those road constructions creates inconvenience situations for the people lives in those areas. So we must evaluate use of vehicles in our life.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Today in our world, there are many things that gained importance to continue our life with all our desires. People only can make difference if they have some opportunities at the beginning of their lives. Some of them have that chance however some of them not. It`s sad but because of today life conditions rich people gets richer every moment pass and opposite things are acceptable for poor people. In some situations those rich people`s use unnecessary luxuries technologies such as exotic cars, palaces and even islands. Because of the difference between those two kinds of people they divide in to two. Beings jealous is a human feeling so it can count as a normal however this can creates some problems for our society . Robbery and murder attempts will break serenity of public. Main reason behind the robberies is bareness. Those people must find some food for themselves also for their family to survive against hard life conditions.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Final point for side-effects of technology on society will be behavioral change on humans. Most of the people says that it`s more easy to communicate with our friends if we compare times in past so we are socializing more. It depends on the angle you look from. People socializing with each other on online-environments such as Facebook, MSN or phones. So there is no face to face attraction on these type of communications. Nature of the human is not programmed for it. People must live and work together to socialize. Feelings musn`t be virtual. People invented technological tools to make life easier for us and more effective- but by creating such tools he made own as a result more and more free of other living entitties. We can think about invention of the telephone. Inventor of the telephone is Alexander Graham Bell. He probably not invented telephone to replace instead meetings. Nowadays, telephones has technology to show caller`s name. Telephone was supposed to answer incoming calls however with todays technology it`s your choice to answer it or ignore it. So thats one of the reasons of being anti-social. In past times people were taking care of their dailly jobs by going banks, supermarkets. So they were meeting with their neighbours in those social environment. Since they can make exactly same things throught the telephone in these days; people even don`t know who lives their nearby. That problem results as a lack of communication between people. The telephone has made communication faster is causing lesser direct communication. So it also creates loneliness in human race. Another similar example is TV`s. TV`s are amazing boxes which shrinks whole word to that box. We can almost learn whatever w e want by just sitting infront of it so it will take place of our intrest to go outside and socialize with people. Human beings were not intellectually ready to face them.We need each other to understand the . However as a result of these invetions, it makes people to depandent on technology instead of other people which makes a loss of communication between peoples. So we must run from technology from technology while we are socializing to keep our human feelings towards each other.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  If we take those issues to consideration it is obvious that technology creates more problems than it solves. Technology allways gives harm while providing us something so there must be more researchs on new releases to make it more acceptable for human`s future. It`s better to think twice while using those devices and we must keep ourselves away from technology addiction for our and future peoples good.